3-Hydroxybutyric acid (or beta-hydroxybutyrate) is a ketone body. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone) levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate in blood and urine are raised in ketosis. In humans 3-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low.

Lathosterol is a cholesterol-like endogenous metabolite. Serum Lathosterol concentration can be used as an indicator of whole-body cholesterol synthesis.

Tuftsin diacetate, a tetrapeptide, is a macrophage/microglial activator. Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg, which resides in the Fc-domain of the heavy chain of immunoglobulin G. Tuftsin possesses a broad spectrum of activities related primarily to the immune system function and exerts on phagocytic cells, notably on macrophages.